Madness In Shakespeares Plays - Free Essay Example

Hamlet is set in the late Renaissance of Europe, and also in a period of drastic and turbulent changes in British society. Humanism has been deeply rooted in peoples hearts, while there are many problems in the reality of British society, and the contradiction between ideal and reality is increasingly intensified. Which It advocates caring for people, respecting people and taking people as the center of the world outlook, and advocates equality of personality and mutual respect. It is in such a social environment that Hamlet is created by people with excessive desires, chaotic social relations and even more fierce social contradictions. By virtue of Hamlets madness, the original life of that upside-down time is shown to the readers. Although human madness is not a revelation of nature, but a return to nature itself, and Hamlet is ID itself. Hamlet acts as a fool to make others confused. No matter what he does, he is not being regarded as a normal person. However, he sees reality more clearly than anyone else, but places himself in a crazy world, struggling repeatedly in the whirlpool of reason and emotion, which would be completely separated from real life and makes him think and judge differently about the nature of life and the world. Regarding Hamlets madness, there are three aspects in my opinion, to help the ghosts revenge, to marry his mother, and Hamlets own cultural connotation. In Hamlet, Hamlets madness is actually related to the ghost who tells him the truth. According to Sigmund Freud, he says that the explicit behavior of human always expresses the implicit state of mind. Therefore, it can be said that the ghost is not external objective existence, it is the reflection of Hamlets psychology. That is to say, Hamlet becomes suspicious of a series of strange events in the kingdom of Denmark. He does not believe the explanation of his fathers death. When he believes in the revelation of the ghost without any evidence, Hamlet is transformed from a secular man into an ideal holy son of god. He looks down at the general public from an extraordinary perspective, but his mind is immature, he does not form a firm willingness, he is often blinded by hatred, but when his hatred does not vent, he become a crazy ghost. O all you host of heaven! O earth! What else? And shall I couple hell? Oh, fie! Hold, hold, my heart, And you, my sinews, grow not instant old, But be ar me stiffly up. (Act1 Scene5 Line 93) Hamlet is mad because of his struggle to help the ghost in the dilemma of revenge and his current status in the palace of the embodiment of life. When he knows the truth what the ghost says no one could help him Neither Hamlets friends, nor his lovers, nor his mother could help him. At the beginning, he does not consider the difficulty of revenge, so his revenge quickly fails, and then Hamlets words and behaviors have become more crazy.Revenge his foul and most unnatural murder. from Act1 Scene5 can know his anger and his emotions when he heard the ghosts words. Also, (since from now on I may find it necessary to act a bit crazy), you must never, ever let on with a gesture of your arms, or a shake of your head, or by saying something like Well, well, we understand, or Wed tell you if we could, or If we were allowed to speak, from( Act1 Scene5), this is what he said in a state of incomparable sobriety. From his words, we can completely deduce the sudden outbreak of madness, which is a ctually the foreshadowing of an early morning. He is both insane and always rational. From this we can see that the reasons for his madness are varied. Through analyzing the revenge course shown in the text, we can find that Hamlets madness stems from his craziness, or his persistence and obsession causes him to lose the right direction and eventually fall into the insane state. Hamlet is too indecisive about love, the play describes Hamlet and reality, his irreconcilable contradiction between hesitation in the process of revenge, the tragic failure of the tragic ending of pain and sorrow, which makes him crazy. When he knows that it is his uncle who kills his father and marries his mother, he is full of desire for revenge. In Hamlets view, such this relationship is incestuous, which also shows that he fundamentally does not accept such love and marriage. He is obsessed with revenge, and revenge becomes one of the most important things of his life. When hatred takes over his whole soul, he feels that the world has become abhorrent because everyone is on the opposite side of him, including his beloved mother. In act 3, scene 1, Hamlet says to ophelia, are you a virgin? Are you a beautiful woman? Although it is said to ophelia, the implication is clearly to blame his mother. He is so unhappy with his mothers infidelity in marrying her husbands brother that he utters these words in the name of madness. If Hamlet is indeed mad and can blame his mother for her infidelity in the state of madness, it is enough to show that Hamlet really hates his uncle deep down and despises his mother, so that he thinks of the whole human race. Hamlet has been deeply in love with his mother, but when she was married to his uncle, he thinks that a mothers love is cheap, he began to think about survival or destruction, this is a problem, he finally chose to destroy, Hamlet began to implement its own plan, with the love of the destruction from the king, ophelia, queen, their friends, finally to his own, heels one by one, until the final destruction. He has become obsessed with his own world of revenge. I have married my former sister-in-law and made her my queen and assured the continuity of our nation. In this marriage I know Ive done exactly what all of you have been advising me to do all along. To all of you, my thanks. (ACT1 scene2, Line 11) In this way, it is obvious that many ministers are on Hamlets side of his uncle Claudius, and nobody is going to investigate Claudius sins. In addition, Claudius is extremely defensive, Hamlet has been covetous, from the outset Hamlet is closely monitored. At this moment, Hamlet has realized the seriousness and irreversibility of the situation. In order to alleviate the unbearable burden in his heart, Hamlet has found the outlet of madness to facilitate his revenge. Hamlets book opens with the words extraordinary relatives, indifferent passers-by showing that Hamlet is extremely disgusted with his uncle who replaces his father and his mothers rapid marriage, and can only vent his emotions through madness.One of the reasons for Hamlets madness is that the changes in the surrounding environment are too great for him to accept at once, and there is no way to vent. It is not acceptable for uncle and mother to get married quickly after fathers death, which makes Hamlet more determined to revenge for the ghost. Hamlets insanity is a reflection on Renaissance culture and ideas, which is also Shakespeares summary and Reflection on Renaissance as a whole. Hamlet is a humanist as well as an idealist. On the surface, the direct cause of Hamlets insanity is his uncles unfaithful behavior. Hamlets original intention is to kill his uncle in revenge for his father, but when he sees that his uncle and his mother are close, he begins to blame his mother. By this time, the focus of his mind has changed, and he begins to doubt his mother, even all the women. With the deepening of his thoughts, he begins to think about life again, and then expresses the sigh of survival or destruction, this is a problem (Act 3 scene 1 line5). At this time, he suffers and doubts, full of doubts about life. He feels that life is meaningless, suicide is better, but he is afraid of death. He does not know whether he would go to hell after death. So in this monologue, he hesitates whether to be or not to be, or to suffer the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, that is, to live, to endure the injustice of life, old age, illness and death, or to stand up against the world. Hamlet begins to think about his fate, and doubt what is happening around him, whether he will continue to live like this crazily, or destroy everyone, including himself. To take arms against a sea of troubles, and by opposing the end of them. This shows that Hamlet has gone out of the haze of revenge and plunged into the abyss of the whole human problem. In the Renaissance era, social order was chaotic, morality was degraded, everyone pursued selfish desires, and individualism tended to be serious. In order to achieve personal desires, people can be king , incest, selling friends this is not the world Hamlet imagined. In fact, the world is also in a state of chaos and madness. Hamlet began to doubt the concept of humanism. From a cultural point of view, it is more like an image of a thinker. His insanity is another choice that can not be answered after reflection. Because the state of insanity may change from confusion to insight. What a great masterpiece mankind is and how noble reason it is! What a great power! What a beautiful instrument! What a graceful move! The essence of the universe, the primates of all things, but in my opinion, what is the life of this clay sculpture? Humans cant interest me. No, women cant interest me. from Hamlet, he was educated by humanism. In his opinion, human nature was great and beautiful. So he gave the warmest praise to human beings and life, but his sad experience made him doubt, so he had the second half of the lament of indifference to human nature. This reflects the profound contradiction in thought of the people who received humanistic education like Hamlet at that time. Hamlet used his madness to highlight the importance of the indelibility of human nature and the justice of human existence. This is also Shakespeares own writing intention, showing the importance of humanism, is a reflection of human nature and rationality. So why I support Hamlets madness is to pretend to be mad. Although the blow he has experienced is absolutely reasonable to make a person really mad, he is not really mad because he is strong enough. Of course, he has also had depression and pessimistic disappointment, and even thought of suicide, but because of his inherent humanity. Soon he was inspired by the ideologies of doctrine, cultural upbringing and political consciousness and plunged into a political struggle between life and death. In Shakespeares plays, madness always comes along with murder and death. As a drama, this constitutes an attractive point of view, because madness is closely related to dreams and illusions, which will bring joy to people rather than fear. The madness in Shakespeares plays is in the noble people, such as Hamlet, Ophelia, and so on. It also reveals the important role that madness plays in human existence. Rationality cannot bear these. Hamlet relies on madness to realize his revenge plan. Shakespeare has ulterior motives to integrate the techniques of drama into the formation of characters, so that Hamlets more cultural symbolism, Hamlets tragedy becomes an idealist. tragedy.

Biography of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Unifier of Japan

Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1539–September 18, 1598) was the leader of Japan who reunified the country after 120 years of political fragmentation. During his rule, known as the Momoyama or Peach Mountain age, the country was united as a more-or-less peaceful federation of 200 independent daimyo (great lords), with himself as an imperial regent. Fast Facts: Toyotomi Hideyoshi Known For: Ruler of Japan, reunified the countryBorn: 1536 in Nakamura, Owari Province, JapanParents: Farmer and part-time soldier Yaemon and his wifeDied: September 18, 1598 at Fushimi castle, KyotoEducation: Trained as a military aide to Matsushita Yukitsana (1551–1558), then with Oda Nobunaga (1558–1582)Published Works: The Tensho-ki, a biography he commissionedSpouse(s): Chacha (principal concubine and mother of his children)Children: Tsurumatsu (1580–1591), Toyotomi Hideyori (1593–1615) Early Life Toyotomi Hideyoshi was born in 1536, in Nakamura, Owari Province, Japan.  He was the second child of Yaemon, a peasant farmer and part-time soldier for the Oda clan, who died in 1543  when the boy was 7 years old and his sister was about 10. Hideyoshi’s mother soon remarried. Her new husband also served Oda Nobuhide, the daimyo of the Owari region, and she had another son and daughter. Hideyoshi was small for his age and skinny. His parents sent him to a temple to get an education, but the boy ran away seeking adventure. In 1551, he joined the service of Matsushita Yukitsuna, a retainer of the powerful Imagawa family in Totomi province. This was unusual because both Hideyoshi’s father and his stepfather had served the Oda clan. Joining Oda Hideyoshi returned home in 1558 and offered his service to Oda Nobunaga, son of the daimyo. At the time, the Imagawa clans army of 40,000 was invading Owari, Hideyoshi’s home province. Hideyoshi took a huge gamble—the Oda army numbered only about 2,000.  In 1560, the Imagawa and Oda armies met in battle at Okehazama.  Oda Nobunaga’s tiny force ambushed the Imagawa troops in a driving rainstorm and scored an incredible victory, driving the invaders away. Legend says that 24-year-old Hideyoshi served in this battle as Nobunaga’s sandal-bearer. However, Hideyoshi does not appear in Nobunaga’s surviving writings until the early 1570s. Promotion Six years later, Hideyoshi led a raid that captured Inabayama Castle for the Oda clan. Oda Nobunaga rewarded him by making him a general. In 1570, Nobunaga attacked his brother-in-law’s castle, Odani. Hideyoshi led the first three detachments of one thousand samurai each against the well-fortified castle. Nobunaga’s army used the devastating new technology of firearms, rather than horse-mounted swordsmen. Muskets are not much use against castle walls, however, so Hideyoshi’s section of the Oda army settled in for a siege. By 1573, Nobunagas troops had defeated all of its enemies in the area. For his part, Hideyoshi received the daimyo-ship of three regions within Omi Province. By 1580, Oda Nobunaga had consolidated power in over 31 of Japans 66 provinces. Upheaval In 1582, Nobunagas general Akechi Mitsuhide turned his army against his lord, attacking and overrunning Nobunagas castle. Nobunagas diplomatic machinations had caused the hostage-murder of Mitsuhides mother.  Mitsuhide forced Oda Nobunaga and his eldest son to commit seppuku. Hideyoshi captured one of Mitsuhides messengers and learned of Nobunagas death the next day. He and other Oda generals, including Tokugawa Ieyasu, raced to avenge their lords death. Hideyoshi caught up with Mitsuhide first, defeating and killing him at the Battle of Yamazaki just 13 days after Nobunagas death. A succession fight erupted in the Oda clan. Hideyoshi supported Nobunagas grandson Oda Hidenobu. Tokugawa Ieyasu preferred the oldest remaining son Oda Nobukatsu. Hideyoshi prevailed, installing Hidenobu as the new Oda daimyo. Throughout 1584, Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu engaged in intermittent skirmishes, none decisive. At the Battle of Nagakute, Hideyoshis troops were crushed, but Ieyasu lost three of his top generals. After eight months of this costly fighting, Ieyasu sued for peace. Hideyoshi now controlled 37 provinces. In conciliation, Hideyoshi distributed lands to his defeated foes in the Tokugawa and Shibata clans. He also granted lands to Samboshi and Nobutaka. This was a clear signal that he was taking power in his own name. Hideyoshi Reunifies Japan In 1583, Hideyoshi began construction on Osaka Castle, a symbol of his power and intent to rule all of Japan. Like Nobunaga, he refused the title of Shogun. Some courtiers doubted a farmer’s son could legally claim that title. Hideyoshi circumvented the potentially embarrassing debate by taking the title of kampaku, or regent, instead.  Hideyoshi then ordered the dilapidated Imperial Palace restored, and offered gifts of money to the cash-strapped imperial family. Hideyoshi also decided to bring the southern island of Kyushu under his authority. This island was home to the primary trading ports through which goods from China, Korea, Portugal, and other nations made their way into Japan. Many of the daimyo of Kyushu had converted to Christianity under the influence of Portuguese traders and Jesuit missionaries. Some had been converted by force, and Buddhist temples and Shinto shrines were destroyed. In November 1586, Hideyoshi sent a huge invasion force to Kyushu, totaling some 250,000 troops. A number of local daimyo rallied to his side as well, so it did not take long for the massive army to crush all resistance. As usual, Hideyoshi confiscated all of the land and then returned smaller portions to his defeated foes and rewarded his allies with much larger fiefdoms. He also ordered the expulsion of all Christian missionaries on Kyushu. The final reunification campaign took place in 1590. Hideyoshi sent another huge army, probably more than 200,000 men, to conquer the mighty Hojo clan, which ruled the area around Edo (now Tokyo).  Ieyasu and Oda Nobukatsu led the army, joined by a naval force to bottle up the Hojo resistance from the sea. The defiant daimyo Hojo Ujimasa withdrew to Odawara Castle and settled in to wait out Hideyoshi. After six months, Hideyoshi sent in Ujimasas brother to ask for the Hojo daimyos surrender. He refused, and Hideyoshi launched a three-day, all-out attack on the castle. Ujimasa finally sent his son to surrender the castle. Hideyoshi ordered Ujimasa to commit seppuku. He confiscated the domains  and sent Ujimasas son and brother into exile. The great Hojo clan was obliterated. Hideyoshis Reign In 1588, Hideyoshi forbade all Japanese citizens besides samurai from owning weapons. This Sword Hunt angered farmers and warrior-monks, who traditionally had kept weapons and participated in wars and rebellions. Hideyoshi wanted to clarify the boundaries between the various social classes in Japan  and to prevent uprisings by the monks and peasants. Three years later, Hideyoshi issued another order forbidding anyone from hiring ronin, the wandering samurai with no masters. Towns also were barred from allowing farmers to become traders or craftsmen. The Japanese social order was to be set in stone. If you were born a farmer, you died a farmer. If you were a samurai born into the service of a particular daimyo, there you stayed. Hideyoshi himself rose from the peasant class to become kampaku. Nonetheless, this hypocritical order helped to usher in a centuries-long era of peace and stability. In order to keep the daimyo in check, Hideyoshi ordered them to send their wives and children to the capital city as hostages. The daimyo themselves would spend alternating years in their fiefs and in the capital. This system, called sankin kotai or alternate attendance, was codified in 1635 and continued until 1862. Finally, Hideyoshi also ordered a nationwide population census  and a survey of all the lands. It measured not only the exact sizes of the different domains  but also the relative fertility and expected crop yield. All of this information was key for setting taxation rates. Succession Problems Hideyoshis only children were two boys, from his principal concubine Chacha (also known as Yodo-dono or Yodo-gimi), the daughter of Oda Nobunagas sister. In 1591, Hideyoshis only son, a toddler named Tsurumatsu, suddenly died, followed soon by Hideyoshis half-brother Hidenaga. The kampaku adopted Hidenagas son Hidetsugu as his heir. In 1592, Hideyoshi became the taiko or retired regent, while Hidetsugu took the title of kampaku. This retirement was in name only, however—Hideyoshi maintained his hold on power. The following year, however, Hideyoshis concubine Chacha gave birth to a new son. This baby, Hideyori, represented a serious threat to Hidetsugu. Hideyoshi had a substantial force of bodyguards posted to protect the child from any attack by his uncle. Hidetsugu developed a bad reputation across the country as a cruel and blood-thirsty man. He was known to drive out into the countryside with his musket and shoot down farmers in their fields just for practice. He also played executioner, relishing the job of chopping up convicted criminals with his sword. Hideyoshi could not tolerate this dangerous and unstable man, who posed an obvious threat to the baby Hideyori. In 1595, he accused Hidetsugu of plotting to overthrow him and ordered him to commit seppuku. Hidetsugus head was displayed on the city walls after his death. Shockingly, Hideyoshi also ordered Hidetsugus wives, concubines, and children all to be brutally executed except for a one-month-old daughter. This excessive cruelty was not an isolated incident in Hideyoshis later years. He also ordered his friend and tutor, the tea-ceremony master Rikyu, to commit seppuku at the age of 69 in 1591. In 1596, he ordered the crucifixion of six shipwrecked Spanish Franciscan missionaries, three Japanese Jesuits, and 17 Japanese Christians at Nagasaki. Invasions of Korea Throughout the late 1580s and early 1590s, Hideyoshi sent a number of emissaries to King Seonjo of Korea, demanding safe passage through the country for the Japanese army. Hideyoshi informed the Joseon king that he intended to conquer Ming China and India. The Korean ruler made no reply to these messages. In February 1592, 140,000 Japanese army troops arrived in an armada of some 2,000 boats and ships. It attacked Busan, in southeastern Korea.  In weeks, the Japanese advanced to the capital city of Seoul. King Seonjo and his court fled north, leaving the capital to be burned and looted. By July, the Japanese held Pyeongyang as well. The battle-hardened samurai troops cut through the Korean defenders like a sword through butter, to China’s concern. The land war went Hideyoshis way, but Korean naval superiority made life difficult for the Japanese. The Korean fleet had better weaponry and more experienced sailors. It also had a secret weapon—the iron-clad turtle ships, which were nearly invulnerable to Japans underpowered naval cannon. Cut off from their food and ammunition supplies, the Japanese army got bogged down in the mountains of northern Korea. Korean Admiral Yi Sun Shin scored a devastating victory over Hideyoshis navy at the Battle of Hansan-do on August 13, 1592. Hideyoshi ordered his remaining ships to cease engagements with the Korean navy.  In January 1593, the Wanli Emperor of China sent 45,000 troops to reinforce the beleaguered Koreans. Together, the Koreans and Chinese pushed Hideyoshis army out of Pyeongyang. The Japanese were pinned down and with their navy unable to deliver supplies, they began to starve.  In mid-May1593, Hideyoshi relented and ordered his troops home to Japan. He did not give up his dream of a mainland empire, however. In August 1597, Hideyoshi sent a second invasion force against Korea. This time, however, the Koreans and their Chinese allies were better prepared. They stopped the Japanese army short of Seoul and forced them back toward Busan in a slow, grinding drive. Meanwhile, Admiral Yi set out to crush Japans rebuilt naval forces once more. Death Hideyoshis grand imperial scheme came to an end on September 18, 1598, when the taiko died. On his deathbed, Hideyoshi repented sending his army into this Korean quagmire. He said, Dont let my soldiers become spirits in a foreign land. Hideyoshis biggest concern as he lay dying, however, was the fate of his heir. Hideyori was only 5 years old and unable to assume his fathers powers, so Hideyoshi set up the Council of Five Elders to rule as his regents until he came of age. This council included Tokugawa Ieyasu, Hideyoshi’s one-time rival. The old taiko extracted vows of loyalty to his little son from a number of other senior daimyo and sent precious gifts of gold, silk robes, and swords to all the important political players. He also made personal appeals to the Council members to protect and serve Hideyori faithfully. Hideyoshis Legacy The Council of Five Elders kept the taikos death a secret for several months while they withdrew the Japanese army from Korea. With that piece of business complete, though, the council broke down into two opposing camps. On one side was Tokugawa Ieyasu. On the other were the remaining four elders. Ieyasu wanted to take power for himself. The others supported little Hideyori. In 1600, the two forces came to blows in the Battle of Sekigahara. Ieyasu prevailed  and declared himself shogun. Hideyori was confined to Osaka Castle. In 1614, the 21-year-old Hideyori began to gather soldiers, preparing to challenge Tokugawa Ieyasu. Ieyasu launched the Siege of Osaka in November, forcing him to disarm and sign a peace pact. The next spring, Hideyori tried again to gather troops. The Tokugawa army launched an all-out attack on Osaka Castle, reducing sections to rubble with their cannon and setting the castle on fire. Hideyori and his mother committed seppuku. His 8-year-old son was captured by the Tokugawa forces and beheaded. That was the end of the Toyotomi clan. The Tokugawa shoguns would rule Japan until the Meiji Restoration of 1868. Although his lineage did not survive, Hideyoshis influence on Japanese culture and politics was enormous. He solidified the class structure, unified the nation under central control, and popularized cultural practices such as the tea ceremony. Hideyoshi finished the unification begun by his lord, Oda Nobunaga, setting the stage for the peace and stability of the Tokugawa Era. Sources Berry, Mary Elizabeth. Hideyoshi. Cambridge: The Harvard University Press, 1982.  Hideyoshi, Toyotomi. 101 Letters of Hideyoshi: The Private Correspondence of Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Sophia University, 1975.Turnbull, Stephen. Toyotomi Hideyoshi: Leadership, Strategy, Conflict. Osprey Publishing, 2011.

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The Effect of Industrial Revolution on Britain Essay

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Mother Daughter Relationships - Daughter Pushed to the...

A Daughter Pushed to the Brink in Joy Luck Club In Amy Tans novel, Joy Luck Club, the mother of Jing-mei recognizes only two kinds of daughters: those that are obedient and those that follow their own mind. Perhaps the reader of this novel may recognize only two types of mothers: pushy mothers and patient mothers. The two songs, Pleading Child and Perfectly Contented, which the daughter plays, reinforce the underlying tension in the novel. These songs represent the feelings that the daughter, Jing-mei, has had throughout her life. The mother in this novel is pushy. She wants her daughter to become a child prodigy so badly she can practically taste it. She makes Jing-mei perform tests out of magazines to see if she†¦show more content†¦Jing-mei did not want to have anything to do with her mothers plans for her to become a child prodigy, but goes along because she cant quite say no to her mother yet. Soon after her lessons begin with Mr. Chong, she finds out that he is deaf. This means that he could not hear when she played a wrong note. So during her lessons, she purposely didnt try. And if she hadnt practiced enough, she could get away with it by just keeping a smooth, steady pace. She kept playing the wrong notes and he didnt even realize it: Mr. Chong just kept going on with the lessons. About a year later, Mr. Chong and Jing-meis mother wanted her to play in a talent show that was going to be held at the church. Jing-mei was going to play a piece called Pleading Child. Her parents invited just about everyone they knew to come and watch their daughter in her moment of glory. When Jing-meis time came to play her piece, she was so proud of the way she looked that she wasnt even worried about how she was going to sound. She walked up to the bench, sat down, and just started playing away. Then it hit her. She didnt know the piece, and just about every note she hit was wrong. When she was finished, she knew what she had done had been awful. She stood up, did her curtsey, and slowly walked back to her seat. She tried not to cry as she felt every eye in the room fixed upon her, and as she endured the pain from some of the negative comments some people sitting

On June 5th, 1850 Pat Garrett is born in Chambers Essay Example For Students

On June 5th, 1850 Pat Garrett is born in Chambers Essay County, Alabama. One of seven children, he was the son of John Lumpkin Garrett and Elizabeth Ann Jarvis Garrett. In 1873, John Garrett purchased a Louisiana plantation in Claiborne Parish. Pat went to school and grew up there. On January 25th, 1869 (after the civil war), Garrett leaves Louisiana to become a buffalo hunter in Texas. After the slaughter of buffaloes became unprofitable in 1878, Garrett settles down in Fort Sumner, New Mexico. On January 18th, 1880, he marries Apolinaria Gutierrez. The couple had 9 children. On July 19th, 1878 the Lincoln County, New Mexico, War draws to an end following the Five Days Battle at Lincoln. Henry McCarty, alias Kid Antrim, alias William H. Bonney, alias Billy the Kid is one of many outlaws still loose and running. While Pat Garrett likely knew Billy the Kid, saying they were friends is an overstatement. Neither had much in common, except both were experts with guns. (Garrett was not in the Lincoln County War.) On November 2nd, 1880, Pat Garrett, a Democrat, is elected sheriff of Lincoln County. He vows to bring the current reign of lawlessness to an end. On December 15th, 1880, New Mexico Governor Lew Wallace, through a newspaper notice, puts a $500 bounty on the head of Billy the Kid dead or alive (the equivalent in todays economy would be $10,000). Pat Garrett and his posse trap Billy the Kid and others in a one-room rock house at Stinking Springs, near Fort Sumner on December 20th-21st, 1880. The posse mistakenly kills Charlie Bowdre (one of Billys most loyal friends). The Kid and the others surrender that afternoon. Garrett takes the shackled prisoners by buckboard into Las Vegas, where Garrett has to fight off a mob at the train station before he can move on to the state prison at Santa Fe. (The mob was after one of the prisoners, Dave Rudabaugh, who was wanted for numerous murders of that region.)On April 15th, 1881 at Mesilla, New Mexico, a judge turns the Kid over to Sheriff Pat Garrett, after a trial, and orders that he Kid be hanged in Lincoln on May 13. While Sheriff Pat Garrett is in White Oaks, N.M., Billy the Kid escapes the Lincoln jail on April 28th, after killing both his guards, James Bell and Bob Olinger. On July 13th or 14th, 1881, at midnight, Sheriff Pat Garrett shoots Billy the Kid dead at Fort Sumner, N.M., when the Kid walks into Pete Maxwells darkened bedroom. Garrett was squatting alongside the mattress talking with Maxwell as the Kid entered. The Kid saw Garrett but did not recognize him due to the darkness and the fact that Garrett was sitting or stooped down. The Kid cocked his revolver and hoarsely whispered Quien es? (Who is it?). Garrett fires twice, one bullet striking the Kid squarely in the heart. The other shot goes wild. Some believe that the Kid only carried a knife into Maxwells room. Others believe that Garrett shot the wrong man because of the darkness and The Kid lived to be 101 years old in Old Mexico. In 1882, a book is published entitled The Authentic Life of Billy the Kid, the Noted Desperado of the Southwest. Garretts name is on the cover as author, but Ash Upson, a close friend, newspaperman, and notary, said he (Upson) wrote every word of it. The book sold poorly. Garrett runs for sheriff of newly created Chavez County, N.M in 1890. He is defeated and leaves New Mexico and lives in Uvalde Co., Texas for some time. Garrett purchases a ranch in the San Andres Mountains, N.M. in 1899. His family lives there while Pat works in Las Cruces, Mesilla and Dona Ana, N.M. .u8ee6492226e15d2b41876e23e5640bc6 , .u8ee6492226e15d2b41876e23e5640bc6 .postImageUrl , .u8ee6492226e15d2b41876e23e5640bc6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8ee6492226e15d2b41876e23e5640bc6 , .u8ee6492226e15d2b41876e23e5640bc6:hover , .u8ee6492226e15d2b41876e23e5640bc6:visited , .u8ee6492226e15d2b41876e23e5640bc6:active { border:0!important; } .u8ee6492226e15d2b41876e23e5640bc6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8ee6492226e15d2b41876e23e5640bc6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8ee6492226e15d2b41876e23e5640bc6:active , .u8ee6492226e15d2b41876e23e5640bc6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8ee6492226e15d2b41876e23e5640bc6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8ee6492226e15d2b41876e23e5640bc6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8ee6492226e15d2b41876e23e5640bc6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8ee6492226e15d2b41876e23e5640bc6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8ee6492226e15d2b41876e23e5640bc6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8ee6492226e15d2b41876e23e5640bc6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8ee6492226e15d2b41876e23e5640bc6 .u8ee6492226e15d2b41876e23e5640bc6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8ee6492226e15d2b41876e23e5640bc6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Confucianism And Taoism EssayOn December 16th, 1901, President Theodore Roosevelt nominates Pat Garrett as United States customs collector at El Paso, Texas. He is a controversial appointment. In December 1905, President Roosevelt refuses to reappoint Pat Garrett as El Paso collector of customs on the border of Old Mexico. Garrett and his family return to their ranch in the San Andres Mountains. In January 1908, James P. Miller, a hired assassin now claiming he is a Mexican cattle buyer, offers to purchase the Garrett ranch. However, Miller doesnt want the goats, and Wayne Brazel, who has leased Garretts ranch, refuses to either move them or cancel the five-year lease. On February 29th, 1908, Pat Garrett and Carl Adamson, a brother-in-law of Miller, Travel to Las Cruces for a conference with Miller. Wayne Brazil rides alongside on horseback. Within a few miles of town, they stop in the desert to relieve themselves. Garrett is shot and killed. Wayne Brazel confesses to the slaying, is tried for murder and acquitted. I believe that the class should study the life of Pat Garrett because he was an extraordinary person. He is most likely responsible for hunting down and killing one of Americas most famous and favorite outlaws, Billy the Kid. Garrett was also a well-known and respected lawman. He certainly made a mark in this countrys history.

Integrated Marketing Communication Audit of Dell Inc

Question: Describe about the Integrated Marketing Communication Audit of Dell Inc. Answer: Introduction Integrated Marketing Communication Audit means to identify and measure whether there are no message inconsistencies and strategic gaps in an organizational marketing program implemented to communicate with the customers (Kitchen, P, Pelsmacker, P, 2004). In the present business world market emphasis on customer relation is very essential to retain the existing customers and to attract new customers (Govani, N, 2003). In this report of Dell Inc. we have discussed about the marketing communication strategy used by the company and also the areas where certain improvement is required. A detailed description of the recommendations, implementation plan and; evaluation and control is explained in this report. Dell Inc. is one of the global leaders in Personal Computers (PCs) (Thompson, 2006). The company is engaged in offering a full line of notebook PCs and desktops that are designed to fulfil the requirements of their customers. They also deal in network servers, workstation, Ethernet switches and storage systems. Dell Inc. sells handheld computers and is engaged in the marketing of third party peripherals and software. The mission of the company is to supply high quality personal computers to home and business computers users with the help of direct marketing strategy. The strategy of Dell Inc. consists of three elements in pursuit of the mission of the company. These elements includes Minimize inventory, obtain facts and information from the customers and to fulfil their wishes and do not sell their products indirectly. Dell Inc. has a global objective to generate around 50 % of its sales in all the regions where the company is conducting its business activities on line over the internet. It is becoming a little difficult to achieve this objective. The region that cannot fulfil this objective is Mainland China. Due to this reason, the objective of the company to make online generated sales was achieved only around 15% by the year 2004. After such negative result Dell started to put more focus on this issue. The attainment of market share at the top most rank in the global market is another important objective of Dell Inc. There is no doubt that the company is a global market leader still it is not being able to lead in all its regional markets. Dell Inc. is functioning effectively in the form of a virtual corporation. Focus and specialization is the main benefit that Dell could enjoy because of such functioning. Due to an increase in the global competitiveness it becomes very important to improve customer satisfaction (CTI Reviews, 2016). The benefit of customer satisfaction is enjoyed by this company by decreasing the delivery time and at the same time increasing the quality. In this report the details regarding how Dell Inc. has integrated its marketing communication plans and its result is clearly mentioned. Current Integrated Marketing Communication of Dell Inc In Dell Inc. the integrated marketing communication strategy are complex because it has been designed keeping in view the conditions in developed economies. These may not be relevant in present situation therefore it becomes very difficult for Dell to cope up with the changing environment and needs of the customers. These strategies of Dell may not be accurate and relevant in some developing markets as they are in the developed markets and economies. The main IMC strategy of Dell is to make use of direct marketing, media advertising and internet marketing and to maintain public relations. The mix of these applications is proved to be the best for the company to make people aware about its products and uses. This IMC channel has the capacity to influence to a great extent by opting for more of traditional considerations related to market segmentation that can define the targeted market for specific products that company wants to promote and increase its sales (Belch, E and Belch, A, 2 003). Dell is currently driving its focus on adopting direct marketing approach in the PC market. (Store.directmarketingturkiye.com, 2016). This will help in eliminating various intermediate elements related to channels of marketing that allows Dell to make sales directly to the ultimate users. Therefore, this approach was not appropriate due to its increased cost. Its marketing strategy is totally based on the concept of build to order that can help in lowering the inventories, lowering its costs and therefore making improvements in the profitability of the company. This will simultaneously boost the level of satisfaction among its potential customers (Roberts, M and Berger, P, 1999). Is Direct Marketing Suitable for Dell Inc.? Direct Marketing is an interactive system of marketing (CTI Reviews, 2016). That makes use of various multiple media to enhance measurable transactions and responses (Linton, I, 2016). This type of marketing at Dell to implement customer strategy focuses on targeted email advertising, direct response advertising and direct mail advertising through newspaper promotions. Direct marketing at Dell has offered more advantage to the company as compared to the traditional form of marketing methods (Dudovskiy, J, 2015). What are the advantages and disadvantages of Direct Marketing at Dell Inc.? Some of the advantages enjoyed by Dell because of adoption of direct marketing are as follows: Response driven: it includes a device that allows making response to a companys direct form of communication. Measurability: Quantitative measurement techniques can be applied to such response rates through various media plans, offers, creative executions that can be modified and tested over a period of time. Precision Targeting: Direct marketing is that type of targeted medium that keeps focus on communicating to the targets that were preselected. The selective distribution of communication will bring out more efficient allocations that are a part of relatively scarce resources. Competitive Exclusivity and invisibility: It is a fact that direct mail has less competition as compared to other form of communication. Clutter exists in mailbox, which is less than hundreds as compared to other advertisements that individual are exposed on a regular basis. It becomes difficult for the competitors to control the tactics in a timely manner due to the efficiency of the company to make control on who receives a communication. The disadvantages of direct marketing are as follows: Cost per Contact: it will cost a higher charge to reach an individual in the process of direct marketing as compared to the traditional advertising methods. Developing brand image: keep the focus on generation of response, the process of direct marketing has not been able to create an image generating medium. As we know that generation of image is necessary in the personal computer market because the products move towards commodity and its status. Junk mail Perceptions: In the process of direct marketing, the communications are not requested by recipients. Unless the offers are targeted in an appropriate way, they are generally perceived to be irritating as a junk mail. Poor production quality and ineffective targeting can also be responsible for causing irritation. Does Dell Inc. require any organizational change? The advertiser and the agency of Dell Inc have many challenges in an individual basis related to the culture and tradition of the customers. Therefore, both theses parties should collectively find out ways to resolve these organizational issues. They must face the obstacles together by redefining the shared ownership in the decision making process of the organization related to the integrated marketing communication plans. Each must be willing to integrate the new tools and policies that are capable to provide qualified results in those areas where traditional marketing system is not being followed, that can be judged and managed in an effective way. Dell should always be ready to adopt new ideas to bring customer satisfaction. At this stage which is very delicate to accept adoption of innovative ideas, the data quality is of significant importance. This is mainly because at this critical stage scrutiny will be at the highest level (Schultz, D, Patti, C, Kitchen, P, 2013). In some ca ses the outcomes were not really successful and require proper communication plans, education and testing, team work in order to overcome these obstacles emerging in the organization. Recommendation for Improving IMC plan IMC is that concept of marketing communication that recognizes the value and importance of comprehensive plan that helps in evaluating the roles of various communication strategies that are disciplined, consistent, clear and bringing maximum communication impact (Swain, 2004). Within the PC industry, Dell Inc. should take into account the status of the company that are unique in order to bring development of an IMC plan in the organization. As it is already mentioned above that Dell is a virtual company, it is not that typical company that is totally engaged in the manufacturing process. The more focus is put on made-to-order goods within the framework to improve customer strategy. The company is not involved in the manufacturing of PCs that it sells. Whereas the company makes purchases of such components for the vendor supplying quality products and assembles them to provide those products to the customers in the form of made-to-order PCs (Warkentin, M, Bapna, R and Sugumaran, V, 20 00). The main requirement for improvement is to customize the direct marketing strategy of the company. When a new plan will be developed it must be able to define the new strategy of marketing adopted by the company. Mass customization should be the main strategy in being able to compete rationally in the market and implementing marketing theory of the company (Rautenstrauch, C, Eggebert, R and Turowski, K, 2012). Mass customization here means to practice of mobilizing innovations technologies in communications and production process, designed to fulfil the demand of the targeted market segment (Hilton, 2008).The new designed concept of Dell Inc. is that it will be following the made-to-order strategy strongly to reduce loopholes available in the previous marketing plans. Mass customization will provide economies of scale in the organization (Westbrook and Williamson, 1993). Mass production is that type of production that produces standard products in bulk maintaining the stability in production process there was an urgent need to implement new mass customized concept so that the company can maintain its position in the global market. The company can embrace globalization by applying this new con cept and can become a leader in the globe for PC market. We all know that the high level delivery of customer satisfaction is actually very difficult for any organization, as the customer behaviour is such that they can never be satisfied their demands and needs keeps on growing day by day (Egan, J, 2014). To tackle this problem Dell Inc. should integrate marketing and communication plans in a proper and most efficient ways. Implementation Plan The strategic role of various communication media can be evaluated by an integrated marketing communication plan (IMC) (Shanahan, K, 2014). These various types of media are media advertising, interactive or internet marketing, public relations, media advertising, personal selling, etc (Kliatchko, J, 2005). Dell is successful in integrating marketing communication plan with the help of direct marketing strategy. Therefore, due to such an achievement the company will be continuing to follow direct marketing process making it as an important element of the communication strategy. Dells internet marketing will fulfil the following functions and roles of the company. Customer communication medium Customer service Customer technical support Direct product customers sales Evaluation and Control In order to meet the sales objectives, Dell Inc. should formalize a monitoring system that can collect information and facts for the evaluation of IMC plan. Proper evaluation and control system will enable the company to develop plans in a perfect manner according to the nature and objectives of the company. Reports should be evaluated on a monthly basis that will facilitate better comparison and performance while determining the performance of the company. Quarterly control reviews are also important to bring necessary modifications in the implementation of the newly customized mass plan. Conclusion From the above discussion, we can say that Dell Inc. is a global leader in personal computers. The main marketing strategy of the company is to follow direct marketing while making communication with the customers to find out what are their needs and demands. Direct marketing is the main reason behind the companys success. Now due to change in the needs and wants, the company should strongly follow the concept of mass customization to bring changes and to integrate various communication media. The concept of mass customization has brought positive changes in the company and that can help Dell Inc to achieve their desired goals by satisfying the wants of customers even at the regional areas. It is true that the future of marketing communication desires for greater measurement and accountability. To achieve these objectives of the company, there must be a clear understanding about how to plan and to apply the plan. The challenge of advertisers and agency does not stop here; they still have to find ways to manage the rapid and large delivery of various data. Integrated marketing communication is that approach of managing and planning communication which can help in reducing marketing costs. Due to this concept, in an integrated campaign, various tools can feature the same treatment in a creative manner. IMC brings creative consistency in the activities of the organization, and this can further help in cost saving. All the necessary details are being forwarded to the potential consumers and business customers so that they are updated with the new technologies and advancements introduced in the products of the company. This approach can help in creating customer satisfaction and build customer loyalty by retaining them with the company by satisfying all their desires. References Belch, G and Belch, A, (2003). Advertising and Promotion : An integrated Marketing Communications Perspective. New York: McGraw-Hill College. CTI Reviews, (2016). Advertising and Promotion, An Integrated Marketing Communications Perspective: Business, Marketing. Cram101 Textbook Reviews. CTI Reviews, (2016). Principles of Advertising and IMC. Cram101 Textbook Reviews. Dudovskiy, J, (2015). [Online]. Dell Marketing Strategy. Viewed 21 October 2016 from https://research-methodology.net/dell-marketing-strategy Egan, J, (2014). Marketing Communications. SAGE. Govani, N, (2003). Dictionary of Marketing Communications. SAGE Publications. Hilton, (2008). Managerial Accounting. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Kitchen, P, Pelsmacker, P, (2004). Integrated Marketing Communications: A Primer. Psychology Press. Kliatchko, J, (2005). Towards a new definition of Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC). International Journal of Advertising, 24(1), 7-34. Linton, I, (2016). [Online]. The importance of Integrated Marketing Communications. Viewed 21 October 2016 from https://smallbusiness.chron.com/importance-integrated-marketing-communications-73248.html Rautenstrauch, C, Eggebert, R and Turowski, K, (2012). Moving into Mass Customization: Information Systems and Management Principles. Springer Science Business Media. Roberts, M and Berger, P. (1999). Direct Marketing Management. Prentice Hall. Schultz, D, Patti, C, Kitchen, P, (2013). The Evolution of Integrated Marketing Communications: The Customer-driven Marketplace. Routledge. Shanahan, K, (2014). [Online]. How to implement and integrated marketing communications plan as a non marketer. Viewed 21 October 2016 from https://www.steamfeed.com/marketing-tips-non-marketers/ Store.directmarketingturkiye.com, (2016). [Online]. DELL COMPUTERS Building Great Customer Experiences. Viewed 21 October 2016 form https://store.directmarketingturkiye.com/dellcomputers.html Swain, N, (2004). Perceptions of IMC after a decade of development: Whos at the wheel, and how can we measure success? Journal of Advertising Research, 44(1), pg 46-65. Thompson, (2006). Crafting and Executing Strategy: The Quest for Competitive Advantage. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Warkentin, M, Bapna, R and Sugumaran, V, (2000). The role of mass customization in enhancing supply chain relationships in B2C e-commerce markets. Journal of electronic Commerce Research, 1(2), 45-52. Viewed 20 October 2016 from https://www.lotsofessays.com/members/print.php?request=1696343[14/4/2552%2018:50:15