Cox Surname Meaning and Origin

Cox Surname Meaning and Origin There are a few potential birthplaces or implications for the last name Cox. Choices include: Type of COCK (pretty much nothing), a pet name (for example WILLCOX, little Will), frequently used to indicate a pioneer or boss man.Possibly began from the Welsh word coch, which means red.Cox could likewise be a region unmistakable family name for load, haycock, or hillcock. Last Name Statistics Old and normal last names are regularly hard to characterize, research, or follow. Cox is the 78th most mainstream last name in the United States. Cox is likewise well known in England, coming in as the 52nd most regular last name. Root: English, French, Welsh, or potentially IrishAlternate Spellings: Cocks Parentage Resources Parentage Forum: Search this famous ancestry discussion for the Cox last name to discover other people who may be inquiring about your predecessors, or post your own Cox query.RootsWeb has a few free mailing records for scientists of the Cox surname.FamilySearch has records, inquiries, and genealogy connected family trees posted for the Cox last name and its varieties. Assets and Further Reading Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004.Cottle, Basil. The Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Penguin, 1967.Hanks, Patrick, and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University, 1989.Hanks, Patrick, supervisor. Word reference of American Family Names. Oxford University, 2003.Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German-Jewish Surnames. Bilingual ed., Avotaynu, 2005.Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical, 1997.

The Silhouette After 1890 Essay - 2750 Words

The Silhouette After 1890 (Essay Sample) Content: Title; Describe the changes that occurred in womens wear between 1890 and the first decade of 1900, including the changes in 1908-1909 and their effect on womens silhouettes. Name:Institution:Date:Word count:Describe the changes that occurred in womens wear between 1890 and the first decade of 1900, including the changes in 1908-1909 and their effect on womens silhouettes.IntroductionThe changes in 1890-1909 and their effect on womens silhouettes are characteristically underscored through the understanding that the first decade of 1900, including the changes in 1908-1909 in the women wear. In this paper, I will be reviewing the events, culture and clothing; presenting the change, explaining the importance of the change, analysing the purpose of it while at the same time, present interesting ideas on the social-cultural and artistic context. This period presented a new columnar silhouette, abandoning the corset. For instance, women skirts had curves that were outward especially over her full behind and turning inwards easily towards the knee level, and sharply inwards at the hem. (Steedman, 1997). This started as early as the Victorian age, where women were in private sphere, governed by Victorian morality. Their clothing restricted movement and controlled the body, e.g. the corset.The 19th century feminist reacted to these cultural inequities of the Victorian era, both in fictional writing and physically. An example of Florence Nightigale, had a conviction that women all had the men potential but zero opportunities. The had a storied nursing careerIt can be reported that as early as 1850, the Langham Place circle of feminists started campaigning groups, with the first one was a periodical and then a library for women in west London. This was shortly followed by debating groups as well as social clubs exclusively for women thereafter.The silhouette after 1890The bustle disappeared from the day dresses. The one that came was a skirt style that wa s smoothly over the hips. It descended from the handspan waist and it widened gradually at the hemline.In around 1895, the leg mutton sleeves were swelled to big proportions and used on dà ©colletà © evening dresses. These sizes comparing the belted waist to the simple gored skirt, showed the highlight. ( Steedman, M. 1997)The tailors then made, ready to wear costumes. They were of wool or serge. The women of the middle and upper class wore the costumes with shirtwaist and the blouses. By the year 1890s-1910, the gored skirt looked more tailored and marched the jacket style. The tailored suit in 1890s was thought to be both masculine and not lady like. Therefore, to describe female dress as masculine was derogatory.These Edward tailored suits were described as ideal for travel. They became a lot more versatile, i.e. lighter and suitable for wedding. It became a useful all purpose fit for commercial work place. The woman of this day was under the authority and the suits presented a challenge to men, with women looking authoritative. ( Agins, T. 2010).The Gibson girl then emerged. This was represented as a cartoon character, by D. Gibson. For twenty years, this image satirised the society. The woman was competitive, sporty and emaciated but beautiful.The Edwardian silhouette 1900-1907This which belonged to the mature woman of ample curves and full bosom, was a fashionable hour glass silhouette. This was fully described by the S-bent health corset. The dresses were made in two pieces, with the bodice heavily boned. A top bodice acted as a stay garment, providing contour, giving extra stability and directional shape under the delicate top fabric. The straight sleeves of 1890s were transformed into bloused effects that gathered into wrist bands. The right high neck blouse came in 1906. The high necks were day time trade mark but at night, exceptionally low necklines, allowing women to war large quantities of jewellery. Then there was the S-bend silhouette, with, bend corset, a high collar, trained skirt with a lavish hat, giving the woman a swaying grandeur. Between 1906 and 1909, they began to show changes and skirts lost their usual fullness with the silhouette straightened. Feet showed up again. ( Barnard, M. 2002)1900-1910 Charles Frederick Worth Key DesignerThis individual is remembered for establishing how discourses of art were deployed in the business of elite fashion during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. He was successful in consolidating all fashion operations, like, choice of fabric, trims, into one. The common bespoke, includes, dropping of the waistline to the hips and raising the hemlines. He also introduced the couture techniques, that included, hand stitching, shaping with seams. Darts and pressing, finished edges with helms. These were all elements of romantics. ( Arnold, R. 2001)Paul Poiret- Out of corset and Hobble skirt-1879-1944He is the initiator of modern fashion. There was thus a shift from tailorin g skills to draping skills. Moreover, he presented a unified body, no longer separated into two parts by corset and petticoat. In 1903, he liberated the body from the petticoats and in 1906, from the corset.ConclusionFrom the foregoing discussion, it is evident that change in women wear were made on the dresses worn over the new bustles and they were brawnier a characteristic brought by the materials that they were made of (Finkelstein et al, 1991, pp. 19-35). This marked the changes in women fashion that would continue for the rest of the years. As a result, changes in fashion are mostly repeated in a cyclic form and this has been witnessed in history of fashion designs (Kawamura, 2004, pp. 135-152). Many of the changes that occur in fashion, they are either modifications from existing fashion or borrowed from some old fashions that have ever existed before and this evidently makes the changes to be cyclic in nature (Finkelstein et al, 1991, pp. 19-35). Contemporarily, there are fa shion designs in existence whose existence can be traced back to the early years of the coming of modernity. However, the changes are continuous and this makes fashion design an ever-living aspect.Annotated BibliographyAgins, T. 2010. The End of Fashion: The Mass Marketing of the Clothing Business Forever. HarperCollins. This article shows that the changes in fashion in late 19th century and early 20th century have highly been attributed to the changing attitude of women about life. In the past, womens purpose in life was to marry, have children and develop a good family.Arnold, R. 2001. Fashion, desire, and anxiety: Image and morality in the twentieth century. IB Tauris Publishers.The author underscores that everything was under modification to make it tastier to the eyes and city life was very important in the modification of women clothing as it promoted not only change but also creativity. City life is associated with artistic discoveries and artistic models were being added on women fashion.Barnard, M. 2002. Fashion as communication.Routledge.This article points out that Being involved in outdoor activities required more flexible clothing and ribbon gowns and petticoats worn by the home women started to be abandoned by women. Cuirass bodices which appeared in mid 1870s also were abandoned at this time.Breward, C. 1995. The culture of fashion (Vol. 1).Manchester University Press.According to this article, the difference between the circular skirts of the 19th century and the ones worn today is that the ones used today are very short (Kawamura, 2004, pp. 135-152). The wearing of slimmed and elongated silhouette was also very common in late 1890s and more so in 1897.Breward, C. 2003. Fashion. Oxford University Press.This author notes that in early 20th century, changes in the skirts worn by women both during the day and in the evenings were experienced and the skirts became elongated at the back to form a train.Bruzzi, S., Gibson, P. C. (Eds.). 2000. Fashio n cultures: theories, explorations and analysis. London and New York: Routledge. The author contends that social changes mainly comes in cyclic form wherein old ways of doing things are incorporated in present practices and between 1880 and 1890 the adoption of bustles which had emerged in mid-19th century affirmed the cyclic nature of social change.Craik, J. 2003. The face of fashion: Cultural studies in fashion. Routledge.The author argues that society is always on the move and during the movement many things do change; a change that may be permanent or a cyclic one where things that happened in the past are repeated.Crane, D. 2012. Fashion and its social agendas: Class, gender, and identity in clothing. University of Chicago Press.In replacement, the women of the 19th century with specific reference to the women of 1890s and the first decade of 1900 adopted the wearing of ready-made dark suits and simple blouse a dress code that would be common for women for the rest of the years Crane, D., Bovone, L. 2006. Approaches to material culture: The sociology of fashion and clothing. Poetics, 34(6), 319-333.While the new clothing were positively received by many women, many men opposed such kind of dress codes wherein they viewed the women in such new clothing as promiscuous and deviants who could not live with any man.Davis, F. 1994. Fashion, culture, and identity.University of Chicago Press.David shows that decoration was also adopted on women clothing of women and the products used in the decorations included buttons, laces and hem tousles.Entwistle, J., Wilson, E. B. (Eds.). 2001. Body dressing. Berg.Traditionally, clothes worn by women did not dispose the shapes of their bodies but the new clothing became tighter showing the shapes of the women.

Madness In Shakespeares Plays - Free Essay Example

Hamlet is set in the late Renaissance of Europe, and also in a period of drastic and turbulent changes in British society. Humanism has been deeply rooted in peoples hearts, while there are many problems in the reality of British society, and the contradiction between ideal and reality is increasingly intensified. Which It advocates caring for people, respecting people and taking people as the center of the world outlook, and advocates equality of personality and mutual respect. It is in such a social environment that Hamlet is created by people with excessive desires, chaotic social relations and even more fierce social contradictions. By virtue of Hamlets madness, the original life of that upside-down time is shown to the readers. Although human madness is not a revelation of nature, but a return to nature itself, and Hamlet is ID itself. Hamlet acts as a fool to make others confused. No matter what he does, he is not being regarded as a normal person. However, he sees reality more clearly than anyone else, but places himself in a crazy world, struggling repeatedly in the whirlpool of reason and emotion, which would be completely separated from real life and makes him think and judge differently about the nature of life and the world. Regarding Hamlets madness, there are three aspects in my opinion, to help the ghosts revenge, to marry his mother, and Hamlets own cultural connotation. In Hamlet, Hamlets madness is actually related to the ghost who tells him the truth. According to Sigmund Freud, he says that the explicit behavior of human always expresses the implicit state of mind. Therefore, it can be said that the ghost is not external objective existence, it is the reflection of Hamlets psychology. That is to say, Hamlet becomes suspicious of a series of strange events in the kingdom of Denmark. He does not believe the explanation of his fathers death. When he believes in the revelation of the ghost without any evidence, Hamlet is transformed from a secular man into an ideal holy son of god. He looks down at the general public from an extraordinary perspective, but his mind is immature, he does not form a firm willingness, he is often blinded by hatred, but when his hatred does not vent, he become a crazy ghost. O all you host of heaven! O earth! What else? And shall I couple hell? Oh, fie! Hold, hold, my heart, And you, my sinews, grow not instant old, But be ar me stiffly up. (Act1 Scene5 Line 93) Hamlet is mad because of his struggle to help the ghost in the dilemma of revenge and his current status in the palace of the embodiment of life. When he knows the truth what the ghost says no one could help him Neither Hamlets friends, nor his lovers, nor his mother could help him. At the beginning, he does not consider the difficulty of revenge, so his revenge quickly fails, and then Hamlets words and behaviors have become more crazy.Revenge his foul and most unnatural murder. from Act1 Scene5 can know his anger and his emotions when he heard the ghosts words. Also, (since from now on I may find it necessary to act a bit crazy), you must never, ever let on with a gesture of your arms, or a shake of your head, or by saying something like Well, well, we understand, or Wed tell you if we could, or If we were allowed to speak, from( Act1 Scene5), this is what he said in a state of incomparable sobriety. From his words, we can completely deduce the sudden outbreak of madness, which is a ctually the foreshadowing of an early morning. He is both insane and always rational. From this we can see that the reasons for his madness are varied. Through analyzing the revenge course shown in the text, we can find that Hamlets madness stems from his craziness, or his persistence and obsession causes him to lose the right direction and eventually fall into the insane state. Hamlet is too indecisive about love, the play describes Hamlet and reality, his irreconcilable contradiction between hesitation in the process of revenge, the tragic failure of the tragic ending of pain and sorrow, which makes him crazy. When he knows that it is his uncle who kills his father and marries his mother, he is full of desire for revenge. In Hamlets view, such this relationship is incestuous, which also shows that he fundamentally does not accept such love and marriage. He is obsessed with revenge, and revenge becomes one of the most important things of his life. When hatred takes over his whole soul, he feels that the world has become abhorrent because everyone is on the opposite side of him, including his beloved mother. In act 3, scene 1, Hamlet says to ophelia, are you a virgin? Are you a beautiful woman? Although it is said to ophelia, the implication is clearly to blame his mother. He is so unhappy with his mothers infidelity in marrying her husbands brother that he utters these words in the name of madness. If Hamlet is indeed mad and can blame his mother for her infidelity in the state of madness, it is enough to show that Hamlet really hates his uncle deep down and despises his mother, so that he thinks of the whole human race. Hamlet has been deeply in love with his mother, but when she was married to his uncle, he thinks that a mothers love is cheap, he began to think about survival or destruction, this is a problem, he finally chose to destroy, Hamlet began to implement its own plan, with the love of the destruction from the king, ophelia, queen, their friends, finally to his own, heels one by one, until the final destruction. He has become obsessed with his own world of revenge. I have married my former sister-in-law and made her my queen and assured the continuity of our nation. In this marriage I know Ive done exactly what all of you have been advising me to do all along. To all of you, my thanks. (ACT1 scene2, Line 11) In this way, it is obvious that many ministers are on Hamlets side of his uncle Claudius, and nobody is going to investigate Claudius sins. In addition, Claudius is extremely defensive, Hamlet has been covetous, from the outset Hamlet is closely monitored. At this moment, Hamlet has realized the seriousness and irreversibility of the situation. In order to alleviate the unbearable burden in his heart, Hamlet has found the outlet of madness to facilitate his revenge. Hamlets book opens with the words extraordinary relatives, indifferent passers-by showing that Hamlet is extremely disgusted with his uncle who replaces his father and his mothers rapid marriage, and can only vent his emotions through madness.One of the reasons for Hamlets madness is that the changes in the surrounding environment are too great for him to accept at once, and there is no way to vent. It is not acceptable for uncle and mother to get married quickly after fathers death, which makes Hamlet more determined to revenge for the ghost. Hamlets insanity is a reflection on Renaissance culture and ideas, which is also Shakespeares summary and Reflection on Renaissance as a whole. Hamlet is a humanist as well as an idealist. On the surface, the direct cause of Hamlets insanity is his uncles unfaithful behavior. Hamlets original intention is to kill his uncle in revenge for his father, but when he sees that his uncle and his mother are close, he begins to blame his mother. By this time, the focus of his mind has changed, and he begins to doubt his mother, even all the women. With the deepening of his thoughts, he begins to think about life again, and then expresses the sigh of survival or destruction, this is a problem (Act 3 scene 1 line5). At this time, he suffers and doubts, full of doubts about life. He feels that life is meaningless, suicide is better, but he is afraid of death. He does not know whether he would go to hell after death. So in this monologue, he hesitates whether to be or not to be, or to suffer the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, that is, to live, to endure the injustice of life, old age, illness and death, or to stand up against the world. Hamlet begins to think about his fate, and doubt what is happening around him, whether he will continue to live like this crazily, or destroy everyone, including himself. To take arms against a sea of troubles, and by opposing the end of them. This shows that Hamlet has gone out of the haze of revenge and plunged into the abyss of the whole human problem. In the Renaissance era, social order was chaotic, morality was degraded, everyone pursued selfish desires, and individualism tended to be serious. In order to achieve personal desires, people can be king , incest, selling friends this is not the world Hamlet imagined. In fact, the world is also in a state of chaos and madness. Hamlet began to doubt the concept of humanism. From a cultural point of view, it is more like an image of a thinker. His insanity is another choice that can not be answered after reflection. Because the state of insanity may change from confusion to insight. What a great masterpiece mankind is and how noble reason it is! What a great power! What a beautiful instrument! What a graceful move! The essence of the universe, the primates of all things, but in my opinion, what is the life of this clay sculpture? Humans cant interest me. No, women cant interest me. from Hamlet, he was educated by humanism. In his opinion, human nature was great and beautiful. So he gave the warmest praise to human beings and life, but his sad experience made him doubt, so he had the second half of the lament of indifference to human nature. This reflects the profound contradiction in thought of the people who received humanistic education like Hamlet at that time. Hamlet used his madness to highlight the importance of the indelibility of human nature and the justice of human existence. This is also Shakespeares own writing intention, showing the importance of humanism, is a reflection of human nature and rationality. So why I support Hamlets madness is to pretend to be mad. Although the blow he has experienced is absolutely reasonable to make a person really mad, he is not really mad because he is strong enough. Of course, he has also had depression and pessimistic disappointment, and even thought of suicide, but because of his inherent humanity. Soon he was inspired by the ideologies of doctrine, cultural upbringing and political consciousness and plunged into a political struggle between life and death. In Shakespeares plays, madness always comes along with murder and death. As a drama, this constitutes an attractive point of view, because madness is closely related to dreams and illusions, which will bring joy to people rather than fear. The madness in Shakespeares plays is in the noble people, such as Hamlet, Ophelia, and so on. It also reveals the important role that madness plays in human existence. Rationality cannot bear these. Hamlet relies on madness to realize his revenge plan. Shakespeare has ulterior motives to integrate the techniques of drama into the formation of characters, so that Hamlets more cultural symbolism, Hamlets tragedy becomes an idealist. tragedy.

Biography of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Unifier of Japan

Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1539–September 18, 1598) was the leader of Japan who reunified the country after 120 years of political fragmentation. During his rule, known as the Momoyama or Peach Mountain age, the country was united as a more-or-less peaceful federation of 200 independent daimyo (great lords), with himself as an imperial regent. Fast Facts: Toyotomi Hideyoshi Known For: Ruler of Japan, reunified the countryBorn: 1536 in Nakamura, Owari Province, JapanParents: Farmer and part-time soldier Yaemon and his wifeDied: September 18, 1598 at Fushimi castle, KyotoEducation: Trained as a military aide to Matsushita Yukitsana (1551–1558), then with Oda Nobunaga (1558–1582)Published Works: The Tensho-ki, a biography he commissionedSpouse(s): Chacha (principal concubine and mother of his children)Children: Tsurumatsu (1580–1591), Toyotomi Hideyori (1593–1615) Early Life Toyotomi Hideyoshi was born in 1536, in Nakamura, Owari Province, Japan.  He was the second child of Yaemon, a peasant farmer and part-time soldier for the Oda clan, who died in 1543  when the boy was 7 years old and his sister was about 10. Hideyoshi’s mother soon remarried. Her new husband also served Oda Nobuhide, the daimyo of the Owari region, and she had another son and daughter. Hideyoshi was small for his age and skinny. His parents sent him to a temple to get an education, but the boy ran away seeking adventure. In 1551, he joined the service of Matsushita Yukitsuna, a retainer of the powerful Imagawa family in Totomi province. This was unusual because both Hideyoshi’s father and his stepfather had served the Oda clan. Joining Oda Hideyoshi returned home in 1558 and offered his service to Oda Nobunaga, son of the daimyo. At the time, the Imagawa clans army of 40,000 was invading Owari, Hideyoshi’s home province. Hideyoshi took a huge gamble—the Oda army numbered only about 2,000.  In 1560, the Imagawa and Oda armies met in battle at Okehazama.  Oda Nobunaga’s tiny force ambushed the Imagawa troops in a driving rainstorm and scored an incredible victory, driving the invaders away. Legend says that 24-year-old Hideyoshi served in this battle as Nobunaga’s sandal-bearer. However, Hideyoshi does not appear in Nobunaga’s surviving writings until the early 1570s. Promotion Six years later, Hideyoshi led a raid that captured Inabayama Castle for the Oda clan. Oda Nobunaga rewarded him by making him a general. In 1570, Nobunaga attacked his brother-in-law’s castle, Odani. Hideyoshi led the first three detachments of one thousand samurai each against the well-fortified castle. Nobunaga’s army used the devastating new technology of firearms, rather than horse-mounted swordsmen. Muskets are not much use against castle walls, however, so Hideyoshi’s section of the Oda army settled in for a siege. By 1573, Nobunagas troops had defeated all of its enemies in the area. For his part, Hideyoshi received the daimyo-ship of three regions within Omi Province. By 1580, Oda Nobunaga had consolidated power in over 31 of Japans 66 provinces. Upheaval In 1582, Nobunagas general Akechi Mitsuhide turned his army against his lord, attacking and overrunning Nobunagas castle. Nobunagas diplomatic machinations had caused the hostage-murder of Mitsuhides mother.  Mitsuhide forced Oda Nobunaga and his eldest son to commit seppuku. Hideyoshi captured one of Mitsuhides messengers and learned of Nobunagas death the next day. He and other Oda generals, including Tokugawa Ieyasu, raced to avenge their lords death. Hideyoshi caught up with Mitsuhide first, defeating and killing him at the Battle of Yamazaki just 13 days after Nobunagas death. A succession fight erupted in the Oda clan. Hideyoshi supported Nobunagas grandson Oda Hidenobu. Tokugawa Ieyasu preferred the oldest remaining son Oda Nobukatsu. Hideyoshi prevailed, installing Hidenobu as the new Oda daimyo. Throughout 1584, Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu engaged in intermittent skirmishes, none decisive. At the Battle of Nagakute, Hideyoshis troops were crushed, but Ieyasu lost three of his top generals. After eight months of this costly fighting, Ieyasu sued for peace. Hideyoshi now controlled 37 provinces. In conciliation, Hideyoshi distributed lands to his defeated foes in the Tokugawa and Shibata clans. He also granted lands to Samboshi and Nobutaka. This was a clear signal that he was taking power in his own name. Hideyoshi Reunifies Japan In 1583, Hideyoshi began construction on Osaka Castle, a symbol of his power and intent to rule all of Japan. Like Nobunaga, he refused the title of Shogun. Some courtiers doubted a farmer’s son could legally claim that title. Hideyoshi circumvented the potentially embarrassing debate by taking the title of kampaku, or regent, instead.  Hideyoshi then ordered the dilapidated Imperial Palace restored, and offered gifts of money to the cash-strapped imperial family. Hideyoshi also decided to bring the southern island of Kyushu under his authority. This island was home to the primary trading ports through which goods from China, Korea, Portugal, and other nations made their way into Japan. Many of the daimyo of Kyushu had converted to Christianity under the influence of Portuguese traders and Jesuit missionaries. Some had been converted by force, and Buddhist temples and Shinto shrines were destroyed. In November 1586, Hideyoshi sent a huge invasion force to Kyushu, totaling some 250,000 troops. A number of local daimyo rallied to his side as well, so it did not take long for the massive army to crush all resistance. As usual, Hideyoshi confiscated all of the land and then returned smaller portions to his defeated foes and rewarded his allies with much larger fiefdoms. He also ordered the expulsion of all Christian missionaries on Kyushu. The final reunification campaign took place in 1590. Hideyoshi sent another huge army, probably more than 200,000 men, to conquer the mighty Hojo clan, which ruled the area around Edo (now Tokyo).  Ieyasu and Oda Nobukatsu led the army, joined by a naval force to bottle up the Hojo resistance from the sea. The defiant daimyo Hojo Ujimasa withdrew to Odawara Castle and settled in to wait out Hideyoshi. After six months, Hideyoshi sent in Ujimasas brother to ask for the Hojo daimyos surrender. He refused, and Hideyoshi launched a three-day, all-out attack on the castle. Ujimasa finally sent his son to surrender the castle. Hideyoshi ordered Ujimasa to commit seppuku. He confiscated the domains  and sent Ujimasas son and brother into exile. The great Hojo clan was obliterated. Hideyoshis Reign In 1588, Hideyoshi forbade all Japanese citizens besides samurai from owning weapons. This Sword Hunt angered farmers and warrior-monks, who traditionally had kept weapons and participated in wars and rebellions. Hideyoshi wanted to clarify the boundaries between the various social classes in Japan  and to prevent uprisings by the monks and peasants. Three years later, Hideyoshi issued another order forbidding anyone from hiring ronin, the wandering samurai with no masters. Towns also were barred from allowing farmers to become traders or craftsmen. The Japanese social order was to be set in stone. If you were born a farmer, you died a farmer. If you were a samurai born into the service of a particular daimyo, there you stayed. Hideyoshi himself rose from the peasant class to become kampaku. Nonetheless, this hypocritical order helped to usher in a centuries-long era of peace and stability. In order to keep the daimyo in check, Hideyoshi ordered them to send their wives and children to the capital city as hostages. The daimyo themselves would spend alternating years in their fiefs and in the capital. This system, called sankin kotai or alternate attendance, was codified in 1635 and continued until 1862. Finally, Hideyoshi also ordered a nationwide population census  and a survey of all the lands. It measured not only the exact sizes of the different domains  but also the relative fertility and expected crop yield. All of this information was key for setting taxation rates. Succession Problems Hideyoshis only children were two boys, from his principal concubine Chacha (also known as Yodo-dono or Yodo-gimi), the daughter of Oda Nobunagas sister. In 1591, Hideyoshis only son, a toddler named Tsurumatsu, suddenly died, followed soon by Hideyoshis half-brother Hidenaga. The kampaku adopted Hidenagas son Hidetsugu as his heir. In 1592, Hideyoshi became the taiko or retired regent, while Hidetsugu took the title of kampaku. This retirement was in name only, however—Hideyoshi maintained his hold on power. The following year, however, Hideyoshis concubine Chacha gave birth to a new son. This baby, Hideyori, represented a serious threat to Hidetsugu. Hideyoshi had a substantial force of bodyguards posted to protect the child from any attack by his uncle. Hidetsugu developed a bad reputation across the country as a cruel and blood-thirsty man. He was known to drive out into the countryside with his musket and shoot down farmers in their fields just for practice. He also played executioner, relishing the job of chopping up convicted criminals with his sword. Hideyoshi could not tolerate this dangerous and unstable man, who posed an obvious threat to the baby Hideyori. In 1595, he accused Hidetsugu of plotting to overthrow him and ordered him to commit seppuku. Hidetsugus head was displayed on the city walls after his death. Shockingly, Hideyoshi also ordered Hidetsugus wives, concubines, and children all to be brutally executed except for a one-month-old daughter. This excessive cruelty was not an isolated incident in Hideyoshis later years. He also ordered his friend and tutor, the tea-ceremony master Rikyu, to commit seppuku at the age of 69 in 1591. In 1596, he ordered the crucifixion of six shipwrecked Spanish Franciscan missionaries, three Japanese Jesuits, and 17 Japanese Christians at Nagasaki. Invasions of Korea Throughout the late 1580s and early 1590s, Hideyoshi sent a number of emissaries to King Seonjo of Korea, demanding safe passage through the country for the Japanese army. Hideyoshi informed the Joseon king that he intended to conquer Ming China and India. The Korean ruler made no reply to these messages. In February 1592, 140,000 Japanese army troops arrived in an armada of some 2,000 boats and ships. It attacked Busan, in southeastern Korea.  In weeks, the Japanese advanced to the capital city of Seoul. King Seonjo and his court fled north, leaving the capital to be burned and looted. By July, the Japanese held Pyeongyang as well. The battle-hardened samurai troops cut through the Korean defenders like a sword through butter, to China’s concern. The land war went Hideyoshis way, but Korean naval superiority made life difficult for the Japanese. The Korean fleet had better weaponry and more experienced sailors. It also had a secret weapon—the iron-clad turtle ships, which were nearly invulnerable to Japans underpowered naval cannon. Cut off from their food and ammunition supplies, the Japanese army got bogged down in the mountains of northern Korea. Korean Admiral Yi Sun Shin scored a devastating victory over Hideyoshis navy at the Battle of Hansan-do on August 13, 1592. Hideyoshi ordered his remaining ships to cease engagements with the Korean navy.  In January 1593, the Wanli Emperor of China sent 45,000 troops to reinforce the beleaguered Koreans. Together, the Koreans and Chinese pushed Hideyoshis army out of Pyeongyang. The Japanese were pinned down and with their navy unable to deliver supplies, they began to starve.  In mid-May1593, Hideyoshi relented and ordered his troops home to Japan. He did not give up his dream of a mainland empire, however. In August 1597, Hideyoshi sent a second invasion force against Korea. This time, however, the Koreans and their Chinese allies were better prepared. They stopped the Japanese army short of Seoul and forced them back toward Busan in a slow, grinding drive. Meanwhile, Admiral Yi set out to crush Japans rebuilt naval forces once more. Death Hideyoshis grand imperial scheme came to an end on September 18, 1598, when the taiko died. On his deathbed, Hideyoshi repented sending his army into this Korean quagmire. He said, Dont let my soldiers become spirits in a foreign land. Hideyoshis biggest concern as he lay dying, however, was the fate of his heir. Hideyori was only 5 years old and unable to assume his fathers powers, so Hideyoshi set up the Council of Five Elders to rule as his regents until he came of age. This council included Tokugawa Ieyasu, Hideyoshi’s one-time rival. The old taiko extracted vows of loyalty to his little son from a number of other senior daimyo and sent precious gifts of gold, silk robes, and swords to all the important political players. He also made personal appeals to the Council members to protect and serve Hideyori faithfully. Hideyoshis Legacy The Council of Five Elders kept the taikos death a secret for several months while they withdrew the Japanese army from Korea. With that piece of business complete, though, the council broke down into two opposing camps. On one side was Tokugawa Ieyasu. On the other were the remaining four elders. Ieyasu wanted to take power for himself. The others supported little Hideyori. In 1600, the two forces came to blows in the Battle of Sekigahara. Ieyasu prevailed  and declared himself shogun. Hideyori was confined to Osaka Castle. In 1614, the 21-year-old Hideyori began to gather soldiers, preparing to challenge Tokugawa Ieyasu. Ieyasu launched the Siege of Osaka in November, forcing him to disarm and sign a peace pact. The next spring, Hideyori tried again to gather troops. The Tokugawa army launched an all-out attack on Osaka Castle, reducing sections to rubble with their cannon and setting the castle on fire. Hideyori and his mother committed seppuku. His 8-year-old son was captured by the Tokugawa forces and beheaded. That was the end of the Toyotomi clan. The Tokugawa shoguns would rule Japan until the Meiji Restoration of 1868. Although his lineage did not survive, Hideyoshis influence on Japanese culture and politics was enormous. He solidified the class structure, unified the nation under central control, and popularized cultural practices such as the tea ceremony. Hideyoshi finished the unification begun by his lord, Oda Nobunaga, setting the stage for the peace and stability of the Tokugawa Era. Sources Berry, Mary Elizabeth. Hideyoshi. Cambridge: The Harvard University Press, 1982.  Hideyoshi, Toyotomi. 101 Letters of Hideyoshi: The Private Correspondence of Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Sophia University, 1975.Turnbull, Stephen. Toyotomi Hideyoshi: Leadership, Strategy, Conflict. Osprey Publishing, 2011.

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The Effect of Industrial Revolution on Britain Essay

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Mother Daughter Relationships - Daughter Pushed to the...

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